Distributed systems are a model of computing where multiple independent computers or devices work together as a single cohesive system. These systems coordinate their actions by passing messages over a network to achieve a common goal. Distributed systems enable efficient data sharing, cloud computing, and scalable service delivery. As nanotechnology evolves, distributed systems may also support the integration of nanoscale devices in areas such as sensor networks and intelligent control systems, paving the way for advanced applications in healthcare, environment monitoring, and smart infrastructures.

 New signalling and detection routes are emerging through innovative use of spin, MEMS/NEMS, optics, and single-particle techniques. Spin-based devices leverage electron spin and chiral nanophotonic waveguides to enable unidirectional, spin-selective information transfer, useful for on-chip quantum logic and communication. Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) enable ultra-sensitive mechanical signalling—like resonators and transducers—ideal for compact sensing and actuation in ICT systems. Nano-optics and plasmonics use single-photon detectors and plasmonic waveguides to precisely detect or route optical signals at the single-particle level. Single-particle detection techniques like interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT) enable label-free detection and tracking of individual nanoparticles or biomolecules, advancing nanoscale sensing. Together, these approaches offer novel, miniaturised pathways for ultra-sensitive, high-speed signalling and detection, tightly integrated with ICT infrastructures.

Neuromorphic technologies emulate the structure and functioning of the human brain using electronic circuits and nanoscale components. These systems aim to achieve energy-efficient, adaptive computing, making them ideal for intelligent sensing and edge computing in nanotechnology applications. Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the development of systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and pattern recognition. In the realm of ICT and nanotechnology, AI drives advancements in autonomous systems, predictive diagnostics, and smart nano-devices. Quantum technologies leverage the principles of quantum mechanics—such as superposition and entanglement—to revolutionize computing, communication, and sensing. Quantum computing, in particular, holds the potential to solve complex problems far beyond the capability of classical computers.